在仅给定国家的数据随着时间的推移数据时，确定系统的基本动力学的问题已经挑战了科学家数十年来的挑战。在本文中，介绍了使用机器学习对相位空间变量的{\ em更新}进行建模的方法；这是作为相空间变量的函数完成的。 （更一般而言，建模是在变量的射流空间上进行的。）该方法被证明可以准确地复制谐波振荡器，摆和Duffing振荡器的示例的动力学；在每个示例中，还可以准确恢复基础微分方程。另外，结果绝不取决于如何随时间（即定期或不规则）对数据进行采样。证明这种方法（称为“ FJET”）类似于runge-kutta（RK）数值集成方案的泰勒级数扩展产生的模型。这个类比赋予了明确揭示在建模中使用的适当功能的优势，并揭示了更新的误差估计。因此，可以将这种新方法视为通过机器学习来确定RK方案系数的一种方式。最后，在未阻尼的谐波振荡器示例中显示，更新的稳定性稳定，$ 10^9美元的$ 10^9美元的稳定性比$ 4 $ ther-ther-ther-ther-tord RK稳定。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) in automated knee osteoarthritis (OA) phenotype classification using a small dataset (n=50). Materials and Methods: For this retrospective study, we collected 3,166 three-dimensional (3D) double-echo steady-state magnetic resonance (MR) images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative dataset and 50 3D turbo/fast spin-echo MR images from our institute (in 2020 and 2021) as the source and target datasets, respectively. For each patient, the degree of knee OA was initially graded according to the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) before being converted to binary OA phenotype labels. The proposed UDA pipeline included (a) pre-processing, which involved automatic segmentation and region-of-interest cropping; (b) source classifier training, which involved pre-training phenotype classifiers on the source dataset; (c) target encoder adaptation, which involved unsupervised adaption of the source encoder to the target encoder and (d) target classifier validation, which involved statistical analysis of the target classification performance evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Additionally, a classifier was trained without UDA for comparison. Results: The target classifier trained with UDA achieved improved AUROC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for both knee OA phenotypes compared with the classifier trained without UDA. Conclusion: The proposed UDA approach improves the performance of automated knee OA phenotype classification for small target datasets by utilising a large, high-quality source dataset for training. The results successfully demonstrated the advantages of the UDA approach in classification on small datasets.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

从有限的资源中获得最大收益可以进步自然语言处理（NLP）研究和实践，同时保守资源。这些资源可能是数据，时间，存储或能源。NLP的最新工作从缩放率产生了有趣的结果。但是，仅使用比例来改善结果意味着资源消耗也会扩展。这种关系激发了对有效方法的研究，这些方法需要更少的资源才能获得相似的结果。这项调查涉及NLP效率的方法和发现，旨在指导该领域的新研究人员并激发新方法的发展。

我们展示了任何具有自由度和局部自由能的系统如何在自由能原理的限制下，都将发展朝着支持层次结构计算的神经形态形态发展，在该计算中，每个层次结构的每个级别都会构成其投入的粗糙度。，并双重地将其输出的细粒度。这种层次结构发生在整个生物学中，从细胞内信号转导途径的体系结构到哺乳动物大脑中的感知和动作周期的大规模组织。正式地，一方面，锥体 - 康基图（CCCD）作为量子参考帧的模型，另一方面是CCCDS和拓扑量子场理论之间的近距离形式连接，允许在全剂量量子中代表此类计算拓扑量子神经网络的计算框架。

可以通过串联协作来启用第二语言学习，在该协作中，学生在呼叫中学习其他学生的母语时，将学生分组为视频电话会议。这使学生处于在线环境中，更外向的人可以积极贡献和进行对话，而那些更害羞和不确定其第二语言技能的人可以通过电话坐下来坐下来。我们已经构建并部署了L2L系统，该系统记录了所有参与者在呼叫中的对话说话的时间。我们生成可视化的，包括每个呼叫中​​每个学生的参与率和时间表，并在仪表板上呈现。我们最近制定了一种称为个人对话波动率的措施，以表明每个学生在每个呼叫中​​对对话的贡献如何。我们介绍了来自大学学习Frenchm的19个讲英语的学生的样本的对话波动率措施的分析，在一个教学学期的86个串联电信呼叫中。我们的分析表明，有必要研究互动的本质，看看分配给他们的讨论主题的选择是否太难了，这可能会以某种方式影响他们的参与。

通常通过过去的选择来告知机器学习中的评估，例如要使用哪些数据集或指标。该标准化可以使用排行榜对平等基础进行比较，但是随着出现更好的替代方案，评估选择变得不佳。这个问题在自然语言生成中尤其相关，该语言需要不断改善的数据集，指标和人类评估以提出确定性的主张。为了使遵循最佳模型评估实践更加容易，我们介绍了GEMV2。新版本的一代，评估和指标基准为数据集，模型和指标开发人员提供了模块化基础架构，以使彼此受益。GEMV2支持40种记录的数据集中51种语言。所有数据集的模型都可以在线评估，我们的交互式数据卡创建和渲染工具使得在Living Benchmark中添加新数据集变得更加容易。

在不完整的数据集中对样本进行分类是机器学习从业人员的普遍目的，但并非平凡。在大多数现实世界数据集中发现缺失的数据，这些缺失值通常是使用已建立的方法估算的，然后进行分类现在完成，估算的样本。然后，机器学习研究人员的重点是优化下游分类性能。在这项研究中，我们强调必须考虑插补的质量。我们展示了如何评估质量的常用措施有缺陷，并提出了一类新的差异评分，这些分数着重于该方法重新创建数据的整体分布的程度。总而言之，我们强调了使用不良数据训练的分类器模型的可解释性损害。

视觉世界可以以稀疏相互作用的不同实体来嘲笑。在动态视觉场景中发现这种组合结构已被证明对端到端的计算机视觉方法有挑战，除非提供明确的实例级别的监督。利用运动提示的基于老虎机的模型最近在学习代表，细分和跟踪对象的情况下没有直接监督显示了巨大的希望，但是它们仍然无法扩展到复杂的现实世界多对象视频。为了弥合这一差距，我们从人类发展中汲取灵感，并假设以深度信号形式的场景几何形状的信息可以促进以对象为中心的学习。我们介绍了一种以对象为中心的视频模型SAVI ++，该模型经过训练，可以预测基于插槽的视频表示的深度信号。通过进一步利用模型缩放的最佳实践，我们能够训练SAVI ++以细分使用移动摄像机记录的复杂动态场景，其中包含在自然主义背景上具有不同外观的静态和移动对象，而无需进行分割监督。最后，我们证明，通过使用从LIDAR获得的稀疏深度信号，Savi ++能够从真实World Waymo Open DataSet中的视频中学习新兴对象细分和跟踪。